Personal Educational Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual Educational Philosophy - Essay Example Vicarious fortification is roundabout support and doesn't originate from without. It originates from the individual himself with the goal that it is likewise called self-support. Impersonation and demonstrating as the terms propose straightforward imply that an individual realizes what he sees. Models especially are imitated. The model could be a parent, an educator, peer, ball star or even I whose conduct is imitated. My effect as an instructor being a good example in the study hall can't be overemphasized. This is valid in all parts of discovering that run from mechanical discourse figuring out how to the more unpredictable learning of qualities. Regardless of how great I am on the hypotheses of good discourse on the off chance that I don't talk well, the students may not figure out how to talk effectively. In like way, a decent talk on virtues like trustworthiness won't do any great if the students are observers of deceptive nature in the study hall and in greater society. Most observational learning considers have been centered around movies and network shows. Indeed, the explores of Bandura and Walters on observational learning included exposures of the trial gatherings to films. Beside this, I additionally hold fast to Bandura's various models. Ecological model alludes to the perceptions made of sexual generation among household creatures like pooches, felines, chickens, and other including plants like vegetables and organic products. Parental guidance model ... Likewise remembered for this class are the friend bunches through prodding, discussion, reviling, and so on. Social model alludes to the utilization of society stories so as to show the idea of size, the regulating and don't's in verbal reference to sex; the utilization of language to distinguish fundamental components of social associations. The previous outcomes uncover the displaying job of guardians and friends which become particularly significant inside the setting of guardians and instructors as specialists. In a general public where youngsters are left increasingly more with their friends, the last's displaying could prompt progressively imitative sex-related and different types of practices. In social or observational learning, Bandura underlined four subprocesses; to be specific, consideration, maintenance, motoric generation, and fortification. For any observational figuring out how to happen, I accept that the model upgrade must be taken care of. What has been watched must be held if the model's conduct is to apply impact significantly after a timeframe. Impersonation follows just if the individual had motoric proliferation or really imitated the conduct of the model. The last, fortification is interior as opposed to outside. In this Bandura states that fortification is a persuasive factor instead of a reinforcing factor. Social learning hypothesis apparently clarifies a large number of our practices. The manner in which we talk and walk - our signals - many have been gained from the models that we have been presented to. No big surprise, kids talk like their folks and take after those of their folks. Companions, as well, act correspondingly. The social learning hypothesis calls attention to the essential impact of TV, radio, films, and different types of broad communications which are fruitful wellsprings of models for

American Industry essays

American Industry papers The Industrial Giant Known as America Numerous variables prompted America having a gigantic ascent in industry. The five focuses that had the most effect were innovation, mass circulation and creation, training, railways, the board thoughts and structure, and worker work. These five focuses not just improved the current business, however they altered how the American business would be run for the people to come. Similarly as with any adjustment in a current framework, there were a couple of issues, the principle issues where with laborers so the board just supplanted them with machines. Numerous individuals werent prepared to make the change from modest community cultivating to huge city living yet the advantages out of sight any uncommon circumstances, so the individuals and the country when alongside it. During the 1850s and on, most Americans were pondering about the advantage of a society commanded by urban communities, production lines, and masses of breadwinners. Alongside urban communities and processing plants, contamination, and unhygienic circumstances was ascending too. Industrializing of the country was needed by numerous individuals however then again, numerous individuals would not like to see the country industrialize. The United States, now, generally a horticultural society, furthermore, the vast majority of the individuals lived on ranches or in unassuming communities, and had heaps of open space to live in. These caused an easing back of the United States changing into a modern country. Discouragement set and there was distress in the work power. This started to change during the 1870s at the point when the Populist Party increased a solid a dependable balance. In 1897, the financial downturn at last reached a conclusion. In 1910, the United States firming planted itself as the universes Likely the most significant element supporting the countries development was innovation. Two significant developments during this period were the creation of the gas fueled, inside ignition motor and tackling of electric force. H ... <!

Silver Bullet Problems Of Modern Warfare -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Silver Bullet To The Problems Of Modern Warfare? Answer: Presentation The significant favorable position of utilizing innovation in military fighting is that it helps in making the weapons progressively precise in nature alongside the ability of expanding the degree of correspondence. Innovation likewise permits the military work force in flying and shooting the adversaries in terrible climate conditions where the perceivability might be poor. The impediments of utilizing innovation are that the infantry of army installations become progressively subject to the telescopes that are made for the cutting edge rifles. The utilization of innovation is additionally expensive in nature that must be borne by the administration of the nation (Bellamy 2015). SAF has been utilizing innovation in their framework so it can kill all the potential dangers that may emerge from the neighboring nations. They are utilizing robotization with the goal that it can help in the decrease of labor. The utilization of man-made brainpower has helped them in checking the maritime activities with the goal that the waters can be secured (Tan and Lew 2017). Innovation won't have the option to determine all the difficulties in the military, as it won't have the option to comprehend the feelings of the regular citizens. The future fighting will be founded on innovation however must be constrained with the goal that the human feelings can likewise be thought of. The people are not separated from fighting, as they are the ones who are building the innovation that will help in supporting current fighting. Reference List Bellamy, C., 2015.The development of present day land fighting: hypothesis and practice(Vol. 3). Routledge. Tan, F.W.S. furthermore, Lew, P.B., 2017. The Role of the Singapore Armed Forces in Forging National Values, Image, and Identity.Military Review,97(2), p.8.

Good vacations Essay Example for Free

Great excursions Essay Every year, a huge number of individuals all through the United States decide to spend their get-aways outdoors in nature. Contingent upon a people feeling of experience, there are different kinds of outdoors to browse, including log lodge outdoors, recreational vehicle outdoors, and tent outdoors. Of these, tent outdoors includes improvising the most, and with legitimate arranging the experience can be satisfying. Indeed, even with the best arranging, nonetheless, tent outdoors can be a very disappointing encounter because of uncontrolled factors, for example, awful climate, untamed life experiences, and gear disappointments. Nothing can hose the energized expectation of outdoors in excess of a dull, stormy day. Indeed, even the most brave campers can lose a portion of their energy on the drive to the campground if the skies are dismal and sodden. Subsequent to arriving at their goal, campers should then set up camp in the storm. This incorporates keeping within the tent dry and liberated from mud, getting the camping cots arranged dryly, and shielding food from the storm. On the off chance that the camping beds happen to get wet, the virus likewise turns into a central point. A hiking bed typically gives warmth on an outdoors trip; a wet hiking bed gives none. Joining wind with downpour can cause sub zero temperatures, making any outside exercises be deferred. Indeed, even inside the tent issues may emerge because of substantial breezes. In excess of a couple of campers have had their tents blown down in light of the breeze, which by and by starts the disappointing undertaking of setting up camp in the deluge. It is astute to check the climate conjecture before leaving on outdoors trips; be that as it may, earth is regularly capricious and there is no assurance terrible climate will be evaded. Another issue prone to be looked during an outdoors trip is run-ins with natural life, which can extend from somewhat irritating to risky. Minor burdens incorporate mosquitos and ants. The amassing of mosquitos can truly drive irritated campers inside. In the event that a compelling repellant isn't utilized, the camper can go through a relentless evening scratching, which will just intensify the tingle. Ants don't for the most part assault campers, yet keeping them out of the food can be a serious burden. Extraordinary consideration must be taken not to forget about food previously or after dinners. On the off chance that food is put away inside the tent, the tent should never be left open. Notwithstanding amassing the food, ants inside a tent can creep into hiking beds and apparel. Despite the fact that these creepy crawlies cause minor distress, some untamed life experiences are possibly perilous. There are numerous harmful snakes in the United States, for example, the water shoe and the precious stone back rattler. When climbing in the forested areas, the camper must be cautious where he steps. Additionally, the tent should never be left open. Snakes, looking for either conceal from the sun or safe house from the downpour, can enter a tent. An experience between an unwary camper and a shocked snake can end up being lethal. Run-ins can run from terrible to risky, however the camper must understand that they are some of the time unavoidable. Maybe the least genuine outdoors inconveniences are hardware disappointments; these difficulties frequently plague families outdoors just because. They show up at the campground around evening time and aimlessly set up their nine-man tent. They at that point settle down for a quiet evenings rest. At some point during the night the family is stirred by a tremendous accident. The tent has tumbled down. Drowsily, they wakeful and continue to set up the tent in the downpour. In the first part of the day, everybody rises up out of the tent, with the exception of two. Their camping bed zippers have gotten captured. At long last, following fifteen minutes of battling, they free themselves, just to understand another issue. Every relatives camping cot has been contacting the sides of the tent. A tent is possibly waterproof if the sides are not contacted. The hiking beds and apparel are totally doused. Completely baffled with the excursion, the disappointed family gets together quickly and dr ives home. Hardware disappointments may not appear to be intense, however after campers experience awful climate and irritating vermin or wild creatures, these disappointments can end any residual trust in a quiet excursion. These three kinds of outdoors inconveniences can strike campers anyplace. Until some splendid researcher imagines a climate machine to control terrible climate or a sort of natural life repellant, unfortunate campers will keep on shaking their clench hands in disappointment. More than likely, hardware will keep on failing. All things considered, outdoors keeps on being a most loved interest of individuals the whole way across the United States. In the event that you need outdoors to be a cheerful encounter for you, figure out how to chuckle at cracked tents, terrible climate, and bugs, or you will end up disappointed and despondent. You can likewise compose an exposition like this one that keeps up an away from of direction and clear clarification from start to finish. You should practice to build up this expertise, however you can compose viably in the event that you make sure to express a principle thought, bolster it with important reasons and models, and stress your central matter in your decision. You will likewise need to comprehend that practically nobody can compose an article without a few drafts or amendments. The explanation is that an individual can't generally consider what to state and how to state it simultaneously. Correction is important to ensure that passages give enough clarification and that they are organized in a sensible request.

Essay Samples For a Scientific Research Program

Essay Samples For a Scientific Research ProgramThere are many ways you can go about searching for essay samples for a scientific research program. There are more than enough websites to assist in this task, but here are the two ways I have found to be most effective in my research:First, go to your individual organization's web site. If they have a 'research resources' section on their site (and there is a lot of time to fill on a research project), you can find a ton of essay samples from various fields and with varying levels of quality.Second, you could ask for a sample essay (written for different subjects) from a writing professor. These professors generally do not charge a fee for the written assignments they give out, but often will allow you to use their name and contact information on the website. This will allow you to contact them with any questions you may have, as well as getting them to sign up for an account on your own website.The two essay samples that I would give t he edge to are one essay about a hard subject (e.g. child abuse) and one essay about a hard topic (e.g. drug abuse).In my opinion, the best essay samples for a scientific research program would be essays that address hard topics such as child abuse or drug abuse. You can search for these terms on any good search engine.There are also several essay samples to choose from for writing an essay about a hard topic. For example, if you're looking for one essay sample that addresses drug abuse, you can find one on the Internet that specializes in giving out essay samples for research projects on drug abuse. The websites for these types of sites have articles on several topics related to drug abuse, and some of the topics may include where to find essays for writing research papers about drugs, or how to write research papers about drugs.But what about essay samples for writing essays about other topics? There are many, and most of the essays will be on various topics. The selection is wide and varied, and most of the essays will be very interesting.Now that you have a few ideas, you can go online and search for essay samples for a scientific research program. The best way to go about finding essay samples for a scientific research program is to get a hold of a writing professor, who has experience on writing research papers, as well as a website for giving out essay samples.

Introduction to Physical and Health Education Project - 275 Words

Introduction to Physical and Health Education Project: Conducting a Career Search (Essay Sample) Content: Detail Position 1 Position 2 Position 3 Job Title Wellness Health Coach Health Promotion Specialist Wellness and Health Promotion Director Employer Center of Excellence University of Minnesota Louisiana State University Location South Lake Tahoe, California Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota Baton Rouge, Louisiana Starting Salary $ 20.00 per hour $ 13.10 per hour $ 88,235 per year Students NameInstructorCourse Number DateIntroduction to Physical and Health Education Project: Conducting a Career SearchThe job advertisements above found through a web search (indeed website), which continuously updates applicants who possess the required qualifications for specific jobs. In this site, employers in all states forward available vacancies for people to apply online. (/jobs?q=Health+Promotionstart=10)The position of a Wellness Health Coach requires two main certifications, other than the degree. One must have CHWC (Certified Health and Wellness Coach) certificate. Besides, on e is expected to have the Basic Life Support (BLS) license or at least be sure to have it before taking the job offer. The latter is obtained from American Heart Association. Also, it requires an applicant to have a strong interpersonal skill and be able to speak both English and Spanish with public speaking skills.Other than having the needed degree for this position, I believe I have impeccable interpersonal ski...

Essay about Cultural Universals - 672 Words

Cultural concepts are the outline of life. These concepts work with and complement each other. There are sayings such as â€Å"you are what you eat† and â€Å"you’re a product of your environment† These sayings only hold true if you believe you were put on earth to serve a purpose. There are some that believe your design for life has already been made and there are those that choose to believe the outcome of your life is what you make of it. Every choice you make redesigns your life’s path. I choose to believe in the saying â€Å"life is what you make it†. After reading each meaning I can understand why I choose to make the decisions I make on a daily basis. Material Culture is the man-made possessions in society, such as our cars,†¦show more content†¦I was brought up Catholic and went to Catholic school. On the other hand I am a believer that as a parent, a public school has the right to teach and inform children about other reli gions. I am not one of those parents at the PTA meeting that gets upset when the school wants to show a viewing of the President of the United States of America talk about education and reading. I am also proud to display the coloring my child’s brings home of a Menorah. Many of us get wrapped up in thinking our beliefs are the only way. Because of this many people tend to flock to a cognitive culture. It is easy to have conversations when everyone is in agreement with the topic or on the same level with one another. New ideas are being brought to the table but rarely is there conflict with this type of culture. An example of a cognitive culture in my life is my work. I am in the military and we use a language of our own. In a group it is easy to have a conversation with each other. We understand what is being said without having to explain at the lowest level to an outsider. I can also tie my work life into a subculture and using language and symbols. The milit ary is subculture of life because they have their own set of rules and values they live by. In the military you are taught service before self. This something that no other culture or subculture is required to do. Being a part of this subculture you are not only required to adapt toShow MoreRelatedCultural Relativism : A Universal Standard Of Morality1480 Words   |  6 PagesCultural relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics of a culture should be understood and tolerated by people of other cultures (Fastiggi, 2013, p.30). The universal standards of morality do not exist between cultures rather it exists within cultures which prevents other cultures form being judged (Rachels, p.2). This means that the rights and wrongs are based upon an individual’s culture so an action considered moral in one society can be immoral in another. Cultural relativismRead More Body Language: Cultural or Universal? Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesinnate and thus universal . The nature versus nurture dichotomy inherent in this debate is false; one does not preclude the other’s influence. Rather researchers should seek to address the question how much of nonverbal communication is innate and how much is culturally defined? Are there any true universal nonverbal cues or just universal tendencies modified to suit cultural ideals and constraints? It is my proposal that of all forms of nonverbal communication the most universal is the communicationRead MoreCultural Universals1060 Words   |  5 Pageshave chosen to write about why cultural universals pose a problem for moral relativism in this paper. I will begin by defining cultural universals (CU). Then, I will cite examples of such theory and continue by applying them to situations in which these similarities can be seen. Next, I will discuss how we can convince ourselves that a given standard of behavior is in fact a cultural universal. I will then define moral relativism as well as provide examples of cultural differences that are oftenRead MoreCross Cultural Communication : A Universal Standards For Business Communication871 Words   |  4 PagesCross-Cultural Communication Does the world have a universal standards for business communication? With business being a crucial part in how countries interact and exchange goods it almost seems as if the answer is yes, but as business continues to grow and become internationally engaged many see the answer is more complicated. Across the world countries have created standards for communication that differ from other countries, therefore, creating the urge to understand how to communicate acrossRead MoreCultural Universal Characteristics Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagesis the cultural universal trait(s) which are common features of human behavior that can be found in virtually all societies. The second is culturally specific traits which are traits that form in a society that are unique to that specific society. Of course there are traits that lie on the border line of these two categories. As stated before cultural universal traits are common features of human behavior that can be found in virtually all societies. One such example of a cultural universal traitRead Moremarriage as a universal cultural trait4265 Words   |  18 Pagesapproved by many societies. Therefore marriage is a legalized relationship but the sexual relation is consider only a part of marriage.It has many causes for example, the legitimacy of children, economic security ect. Marriage is socially recognized universal institution and all most found in every society .Marriage is a social union between a man and woman, which is approved socially and religiously.It is such a stable relation in which a man and woman are socially permitted to have children, implyingRead MoreUniversal Cultural Values Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pagesdrastically different from those of ancient societies, many underlying philosophical similarities do emerge deep down. Even though modern westerners enjoy enhanced lives due to technology, medicine, and education, they share many similar values and cultural beliefs with the societies of Ancient India, Rome, and China. The civilizations of Ancient India and the Modern West cherish the idea that all individuals have a responsibility to contribute to society. However, because these two different civilizationsRead MoreEssay on Cultural Universals Between United States and China1074 Words   |  5 Pagesdictionary, the definition of culture is â€Å"the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group†. Every country has its specific culture and there are some obvious cultural universals between China and America. One example of such cultural universal is the directness of American versus the humbleness of the Chinese people. Another example would be the self independence of the young Americans versus the young Chinese who tend to depend on their parents. WhatRead MoreIs Children’s Development a Universal Staged Process or a Social and Cultural Process?1547 Words   |  7 PagesIs Children’s development a universal staged process or a social and cultural process? There are three main approaches to child development, the scientific, the social constructionist and the applied approach. Each of these approaches look at children’s development from a different stand point. I will go on to explore each approach in turn and how they can help us answer the above question. The scientific approach to child development seeks to explain the facts about child development. It doesRead MoreThe Importance Of A Good Society Is Not Achieved By Chance Or By Default1446 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization is a fixed and fundamental condition. In order for this structure to provide a foundation of a good society, there are a few other conditions that must follow--among them are attentiveness to all members of the society, commitment to universal values, and flexibility to change and adapt. In addition to structure, a good society is one that works to help all members thrive, especially individuals at the bottom confronted with difficult socioeconomic situations. A good society must be

The Great Depression Is The Worst Economic Downfall Of The...

The Great Depression is the worst economic downfall in the history of the modern western world. In this time banks were failing, people were losing jobs more and more each day and investments lost all value, people even burned money for warmth. The Great Depression was felt in nearly every nation around the world, but Europe and the United States was where it mainly took place. This economic downfall lasted for 10 years and changed the entire world, not just with a shortage of money but also a shortage of people. Leading up to The Great Depression was WWI, the first war that involved more than just a couple countries fighting in an isolated place. This war was between more than 60 nations including colonies controlled by the major European countries. Battles took place all over europe and parts of Russia when it was all said and done. The war left many countries poor from having to pay for this expensive war. And many countries were asking other countries for money just to pay it to other countries. The Great Depression really began when the stock market crashed in October 1929. It happened on what now is considered â€Å"Black Tuesday† October 29 1929. On Black Tuesday a record of more than 16 million shares were traded. With that many shares being traded at once the value dropped and investors lost their money. This wasn’t the only cause but it’s what is considered to be the event that sent not just the United States but also the word into the Great Depression. There wereShow MoreRelatedAustralia: 1700 to Present1557 Words   |  7 PagesAustralia: 1700 to Present Analyze the political, social, and economic continuities and changes in Australia from 1700 AD to the present. While Australia has politically gained independence since the 1700’s, their ethnicities have shifted to create a socially diverse country as they remain closely tied with the rest of the world in regards to global trade. Since Britain used to rule Australia in the 1700’s, Australia since has had revolutions that granted them political independence from a largerRead MoreThe Effects Of The Great Depression4304 Words   |  18 PagesPaper 2: The effects of the Great Depression By: Christa Dorvil Paper 2: The effects of the Great Depression By: Christa Dorvil Modern World History Instructed by Dr. Stephanie Laffer Miami International University of Art and Design Abstract Never had the flaws of capitalism been so evident or as devastating as during the decade that followed the outbreak of the Great Depression in 1929. All across the Euro-American heartland of capitalist world, this vaunted economy systemRead MoreCollapse Of The Great Depression2285 Words   |  10 Pagesoutbreak of the Great Depression in 1929. All across the Euro-American heartland of capitalist world, this vaunted economy system seemed to unravel. For the rich it meant contracting stock prices that wiped out paper fortunes almost overnight. On that day that the American stock market initially crashed (October 24, 1929), eleven Wall Street finances committed suicide, some by jumping out of skyscrapers. Banks closed and many more people lost their life savings. Investment dried up, world trade droppedRead MoreThe Great Depression And World War II1759 Words   |  8 PagesFranklin Delano Roosevelt was the thirty-second U.S president, and the only president to be elected four times. H e led American through the trials of the Great Depression and World War II. He was born on January 30, 1882 in New York. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s curiosity, persistence, and self- confidence served to be extremely helpful traits through his presidency. When he combines all of his super powers together it makes an amazing success story. Sadly Roosevelt’s life was brutally taken by the deadlyRead MoreThe League Of Nations And Modern Day Regulations2208 Words   |  9 Pages To understand the concept of a world society fully, we must first look at the historical evidence leading up to modern day regulations. The league of nations came into affect after the end of world war one. The league of nations was set up in order to stop such a war from every occurring again. It was the idea of American president Woodrow Wilson. The outcome of this league created one of the first circumstances in which â€Å"Universalistic models of the state, society, and the individual were debatedRead MoreWhy Did the League of Nations Fail?14508 Words   |  59 PagesEloranta, Ph.D Assistant Professor of Comparative Economic and Business History, Appalachian State University, Department of History, Whitener Hall, Boone, NC 28608, USA Phone: +1-828-262 6006, email: elorantaj@appstate.edu Paper to be presented at the Sixth European Historical Economics Society Conference, 9-10 September 2005, Historical Center of the former Imperial Ottoman Bank, Istanbul. WHY DID THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS FAIL? INTRODUCTION The economic and political instability of the interwar periodRead MoreIntroduction to Film Cinema and Literature12137 Words   |  49 Pagessecond. This means that if photographic frames are moved at 24 frames a second, people perceive them as actually in motion. In 1888, Muybridge finally met Thomas Edison who was a prolific inventor. Edison quickly saw the scientific as well as the economic potentials of Muybridge’s Zoopraxiscope, so he appointed his top scientist, William Dickson, and gave him the task of developing a better projector. Dickson identified the limitations of the Zoopraxiscope, which included shooting numerous still photosRead MoreHydraulic Fracking Essay15746 Words   |  63 PagesFluids†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 18 Proppants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 22 Pumping and Blending Equipment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Page 23 Fracture Treatment Designs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 24 Economic Considerations for Hydraulic Fracturing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 25 Variable Economic Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 20 Hydraulic Fracturing Guarantees many Benefits for Local Economy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 33 Ancillary Products and Business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Page 35 Psychological ConsiderationsRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pageseducational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the structure of colonial society by the early 1930s. The emergence of Rasta during that period corresponds with so much that was happening around the world. Rastas could tell that social unrest in Jamaica was going to lead to a movement away from colonial rule and, having heard Marcus Garvey speak of the importance of Africa to black people in the New World, found in his remarkable successRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesthought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the practical world of organizations. The authors’ sound scholarship and transparent style of writing set the book apart, making it an ingenious read which invites reflexivity, criticalness and plurality of opinion from the audience. This is a book that will become a

The Nature Of Peoples Beliefs - 2365 Words

Philosophy allows people to study the nature of people’s beliefs. Throughout history people’s beliefs have differed. At one time people may believe one idea and decades later people may completely disagree with that idea. Not even the ideas of the law are exempt from this occurrence. Since the spoken word, hundreds of philosophers have defined law in different ways. Seeing law in different ways people can come to different conclusions about specific cases. The Fugitive Slave Law was a controversial law in American history. The Fugitive Slave Law allowed slave-owners to capture their slaves who have fled north to free states. In United States v Morris, the emancipators challenged the Fugitive Slave Law in Boston. A group of emancipators helped an escaped slave flee to Canada; the Fugitive Slave Law states helping an escaped slave is in violation of the law. In this case, the jurors let the emancipators free for helping a slave escape slavery to Canada. Philosophy gives u s the tools to analyze the legality of the juror s actions and answer the question Did the jurors in Morris do the right thing? Natural Law theory, Positivism, Legal Realism, Dworkin’s neo-natural law theory, and Butler’s critical law theory all provide different outlooks to answering this question. All of these philopshers have differing beliefs of the role of morality and law. However, these philosophies all conclude in the answer the jurors in Morris, in fact, did the right thing. The Natural LawShow MoreRelatedHow Religion And Culture Influence People s Views On Outer Space1342 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different types of religions and cultures in this world. Many of which teach and influence people’s views and actions on their daily lives. Everyone is entitled to, and has the right to, believe and practice in whatever it is they choose to. Different types of religions around the world have different meanings and teach different ways in viewing th e world. We all know how religion and cultures can be an influence on our planet, but does anyone really know how it influences peoplesRead MoreWhen You Believe That The Number Thirteen Is Ominous, You1200 Words   |  5 Pagesand refutes the law of nature. However, is it just a matter of time for scientists to explain those currently unexplainable behaviors or do supernatural exists? When speaking about the word â€Å"Supernatural,† we might want to break the word into two parts, the â€Å"Super† and the â€Å"Natural.† Firstly, what definition do we give to the word â€Å"Natural†? Based on our limited ability, what can be explained by the science is natural. Three fundamental forces determine the law of nature. They are the gravitationRead MoreThe Age of Enlightment841 Words   |  3 Pages In many countries, the monarchs (or the other rulers) would enforce Christianity and persecute people with other beliefs. Some of these beliefs, however, changed during the Age of Enlightenment from the late 1600’s to the mid-1700’s. The philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment influenced peoples’ way of thinking through their ideas of reason, empiricism, and the power of nature. The ideas that the philosophers had eliminated the stranglehold that religion had on the people and the governmentRead MoreThe Inequality And In humane Gap Between The Rich And The Poor936 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.† These insightful words were the beliefs of a 19th century philosopher named Karl Marx (â€Å"Marxist†). It is very difficult to sincerely comprehend how much truth lies within this simple idea. The very idea of humanity is rooted within the belief that we are all equal and should be treated fairly. So what happens that causes some of us rise to great power and incredible heights, while the rest of us suffer the inevitable calamityRead MoreAthenian View of Human Nature761 Words   |  4 Pagesor disaster, peoples true human nature emerges. Unlike the view of Gandhi, in these moments humans behave violently and are concerned with self-interest, supporting the Athenians view of human motivation. In the History of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides gives ample support of this view of human nature. Generally regarded as one of the fi rst true historians, he wanted to view the world as it really was and firmly insisted on sticking to the facts. Thucydides subjected human nature to an extremelyRead MoreOpposition between Liberalism and Conservatism Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesPeople’s views on a wide range of issues are influenced or determined by the kind of foundational belief systems they hold. Therefore, the difference in the nature of opinions among individuals or groups of people alludes to the existence of distinct belief systems. In the course of history, the distinction between Liberalism and Conservatism has become more vivid particularly in the political arena where various players have expressed opposing points of view regarding the nation’s future. It isRead MoreWilliam James s View On Religion934 Words   |  4 Pagesexplains his position on religious belief by relating his idea to that of Pascal’s. He does think that is reasonable to believe in God without evidence, but not based on Pascal’s wager which is to base your belief on cost-benefit analysis; James thinks this is wrong because it is not live. James does think it is permissible to believe without evidence when we have a genuine option that cannot by its nature be decided on intellectual grounds. That is when our passional nature takes over and decides the matterRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our World1171 Words   |  5 Pagesextraordinary progress in media technology has embedded the co-constitution efficacy of the society. Humans tend to use electronic systems to change social conditions that affect their lives by acting on their efficacy beliefs. Due to the influence of technology to the sociostructural nature of societies, it either provides beneficial advantages or divisive inconvenience in human lives. The working industry is one of the essential aspects in a person’s daily life. Not only it provides income for one’sRead MoreNature Ralph Waldo Emerson Analysis1200 Words   |  5 PagesTo fully understand and appreciate â€Å"Nature† by Ralph Waldo Emerson, as well as his other works and those that followed him, it is important to grasp his devout belief in the concept of transcendentalism. Emerson believed that to truly enjoy a well-rounded, bountiful life one must be not only aware but in tune with nature and realize that it is as important (if not more) than natural education. The idea of pushing back against the societal normal which was standard education and following what wasRead MoreIdeology behind the Film Spirited Away862 Words   |  3 PagesIdeology is attitudes, beliefs, perceptions that commonly shared by the people in society. It is mostly unconscious and it appears in everyday human’s daily lives. Cinema is one of the medium that people can be exposed. Therefore the ideology in film takes a powerful role that shapes aspects of people’s beliefs. When it comes to a film, people who watch the film receive a message from it whether that message is explicit or not. Ideology can be most receptive and powerful when it is exposed to the

Persuasive Essay Spanking A Child - 1236 Words

Spanking a child in today’s society is a common misconception, that is seen as either discipline, or abuse. It seems that there’s a less number of parents that are against and even afraid to spank their children, than those who believe it’s an effective way of discipline. As a child, alongsides with my sister, we were spanked when misbehaved, making me believe that it’s okay to discipline your child. With the correct intention in mind, spanking shouldn’t be harmful towards the child and should be accepted as an act of discipline. It shouldnt be mistaken as an act of abuse towards a child. When does hitting become abuse and how does it differs from spanking? According to Dr. Jared Pingleton, a clinical psychologist director that focuses†¦show more content†¦Overtime as a child grows older and starts realizing wrong from right, spanking them when they make bad choices should start to fade as they grow. It shouldn’t continue as a way to teach them the right choices that they should be making because as they grow their tolerance of pain grows as well. It’s logical to hit them harder because of their higher tolerance to pain, but it becomes extremely dangerous, as it’s easier to mistake that your tolerance of pain with theirs. Not only is it dangerous, it’s plain wrong and embarrassing to the child. Imagine that your younger self and out of stubbornness you talk back to your mother, or father in a public place. It would be wrong to spank them because it’s most likely that it wont have an effect on them, like it use to; spanking t hem would just create friction between the relationship and caused them humiliation in front of a crowd. The correct thing to do as a parent is to create new consequences that are pertain to their age, as their able to understand wrong from right. The biggest reason that people see spanking as an act of discipline and an act of abuse, relies heavily on how you were raised. It’s because where I came from and my familys belief that spanking is used as a way to teach kids wrong from right, that I believe it’s a useful and effective wayShow MoreRelatedSpanking Essay examples606 Words   |  3 PagesPersuasive Essay Spanking Spanking is a form of corporal punishment. Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain as retribution for an offence. It is usually done in act by an adult, parent, or guardian hitting the child or students buttock. The reason this is done is in response to bad behavior. Some countries have outlawed the act of spanking in every setting, but many allow it as long as it is done by a parent or guardian. As many people think spanking is an okay disciplineRead MoreSpanking Verses Child Abuse2039 Words   |  9 PagesSpanking Verses Child Abuse 1 Spanking Verses Child Abuse The Effectiveness of Loving Discipline Western International University COM 110 Effective Persuasive Writing David Scharn October 16, 2005 Spanking Verses Child Abuse 2 The common misconception that spanking is a form of child abuse affects the proper discipline of todays youth. Some parents are actually afraid to discipline their own childrenRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWell regarded as a â€Å"hands-off† manager heading a high-performing team. Plays golf regularly with Mark McIntyre, John Small, and a couple of V.P from other divisions. .s Group #2: Wanda Manners, 38-year-old white female, single with one school-age child. A fitness â€Å"nut† has run in several marathons. Some experience in Germany and Japan. Considered a hard-driving manager with a constant focus on the task at hand. Will be the first person to show up every morning. Group #3: William Chen, 31-year-old

Critical Review On The Article Of Balance Scorecard Model

Critical review on the article of Balance Scorecard model. Introduction The Balance Scorecard(BSC) model assist managers and board of directors to manage overall business by focusing into financial factors ( Profitability, cost, revenue, budgeted cost and real cost etc) as well as non-financial factors such as customer satisfaction, internal business process, innovation, learning and growth of organization. Kaplan and Norton decided to introduce concept of BSC in 1992, when they studied belief of famous British scientist, Lord Kelvin (1990) about performance improvement. As a result of this, many companies (private, public and non-profit organizations) adopted balance scorecard (BSC) model to assess their business performance. The BSC model is still used by many organizations. For-example, TESCO plc manages their business by applying BSC model. In my view, this article provides the chance to senior managers and directors who have power to influence the business performance. However, this article did not cover other important factors, for measuring the bu siness (marketing strategies, employee satisfaction etc) to make sure how business is performing. Therefore, I have chosen this article for critical review. Summary The Balance Scorecard has four dimensions (financial perspective, customer perspective, internal business perspective, innovation and learning growth). It is an approach which offer platform to the organization to rank strategies according to their mission/visionShow MoreRelatedThe Model Of Performance Management1654 Words   |  7 PagesThis is an individual assignment. It has two parts. Save your two reports (one for each article) in ONE Microsoft Word file with your name and upload it here in Blackboard by the due date. Part I. Homework on the publication titled, From a Black Hole to a Hole-in-One. Read the article, write a review (250-300 words), and copy and answer the following questions in 30-50 words each: Dr. Mohan Rao’s publication â€Å"From a Black Hole to a Hole-in-One† provided insights on how to decipher the correlationRead MorePutting Balance Scorecard to Work- Critical Analysis920 Words   |  4 PagesIn this article Kaplan and Norton have talked about implementation of Balanced Scorecard as a management tool which provides executives with a comprehensive framework translating companys strategic objectives into a coherent set of performance measures. They argued that by only looking at the financial returns the managers will fail to get overall strategic view of the company. The balanced scorecard helps in understanding organizations strategic objectives and operational processes. The differentRead MoreThe Model Of Performance Management Allowed Dr. Reddy1565 Words   |  7 Pageson the publication titled, From a Black Hole to a Hole-in-One. Read the article, write a review (250-300 words), and copy and answer the following questions in 30-50 words each: Dr. Mohan Rao’s business publication â€Å"From a Black Hole to a Hole-in-One† provided insights on how to decipher the correlation between any business’ productivity and its profitability. In this research paper, the implementation of the APC model of performance management allowed Dr. Rao to provide strategies on how to improveRead MoreBalanced Scorecard: A Strategic Management Tool1706 Words   |  7 PagesBalanced scorecard A strategy management tool †¢ Introduction Companies today are in the midst of a revolutionary transformation as Industrial age competition is shifting to Information age competition. The cut-throat competition that businesses faced in the last two decades has made them to look for improvement initiatives like Total Quality Management, Just-in-Time (JIT) systems, Employee empowerment and Re-engineering. Though these initiatives resulted in enhanced shareholder value, theyRead MorePhysics Of Bsc Linked Between Measuring Performance1719 Words   |  7 Pages The previous chapter gives the background of this study, the aims and objective as well as the motivation for doing this study. In this Chapter we will review past finding of the BSC. The purpose of this chapter is to provide relevant literature in the field of BSC linked between measuring performance. 2.2 Definitions of the Balance Scorecard The BSC has been used synonymously depending on the source. Below are a few definitions commonly used: Investopedia: â€Å"a performance metric used in strategicRead MoreBalance Scorecard in Health Care Organizations Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagesand necessary element of an individuals lives. The methods and preparation that is needed in order to provide adequate and efficient patient care to all is very critical and sometimes specific. The health care organization has ventured from focusing on input management to focusing and improving output management (White, 2011). The scorecard provides a language and framework to communicate mission and strategy (Ball, 2003) to the entire health care organization. It sets the tone and provides a concreteRead MoreOrganizational Performance Management System2669 Words   |  11 Pages 3 The Changing Role of Organizational Performance Management 4 Organizational Performance Measurement Approaches: Balance Scorecard 7 Benefits and Shortcomings of Balance Scorecard 9 Five Key Organizational Performance Measures 10 Conclusion Read More Scorecard System Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement control tool, the cost/benefit balance is vital. The decision to deploy a scorecard system requires the same analysis. The costs of implementing a new tool are relatively easy to appraise, but often, theres a lack of reliable information about the benefits. This article explores the extent to which organizations have realized significant benefits from using a scorecard system. (We use the term quot;scorecard systemquot; to include both the scorecard as a control tool and the process, orRead Moreâ€Å"A critical analysis of Balanced Scorecard as a performance measurement tool: an overview of its usage and sustainability†10518 Words   |  43 PagesA critical analysis of Balanced Scorecard as a performance measurement tool: an overview of its usage and sustainability TABLE OF CONTENTS A iti al a alysis of Bala ed â€Å" o e a d as a pe fo a e easu e e t tool: a o e ie of its usage a d sustai a ility TOPICS LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL DECLARATOIN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT CHAPTER ONE CHAPTER TWO CHAPTER THREE CHAPTER FOUR INTRODUCTION PAGE i ii iii iv-v 4-7 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 ObjectiveRead MoreBalanced Scorecard: Evaluating Duke Childrens Hospitals Quality Management Initiatives1798 Words   |  7 PagesQuality Management Initiatives Using Balanced Scorecard (BSC) Methodologies and Frameworks Introduction Triangulating between the complexities of their customer or patient, financial, learning and growth, and internal business processes and their need to be galvanized around a shared business vision and set of metrics, Duke Childrens Hospital undertook a comprehensive Balanced Scorecard (BSC) strategy to unify the many diverse areas of their business model. By realigning processes and systems in these

Managing Hotel and Resort Facilities

Question: Discuss about the Report for Managing Hotel and Resort Facilities. Answer: Introduction: The hotel industry traditionally focuses on the physical product. The consumer is demanding the delivery of the brand consistently and the hospitality industry is waking up to them. One of the industries in the hospitality sector is the hotel industry. Now, concentrating on the Australian hotel industry, Mercure Sydney Potts point is to be discussed. The hotel is located in the fantastic place in Sydney and is a four star rated hotel and is situated two Km form city centre. The hotel is featured in a stylish appointed way and is modern which has a magnificent harbor views. It is ideal for servicing both the leisure travelers and corporate. It has an open-air terrace along with the five meeting rooms, which are designed using modern platform, and is quite fashionable. The location of the hotel is good in terms of easy communication. The number of room acquired is 227 for residential conversion (Sydney, 2016). Discussion: .Brand positioning shows how the brand is differentiated form its competitors that is what makes a particular brand different form its competitors. It is a marketing strategy, which sets an objective of recognizing the brand as a distinct brand in the market. The Mercure Sydney pott point hotel in Sydney is one of the lifestyle hotels. They are mainly chain operated and are non-conventional as most of the attributes are drawn on the concept of the boutique hotels. It offers a high level of design content. The next things to be discussed are the features of the product and services of this hotel. The rooms in the hotels are comfortable and functional. It has the area of public lounge bar and small meeting places. The additional features are the introduction of funky bars. Since the newly opened brand has imbibed the modern concept, the standards of guest servicing is more relaxed (Meng, 2015). The hotel has embraced the technology fully and it is utilizing the technology to customize and personalize the experiences of guests (Li et al., 2013). The operating environment of the hotel industry is being so crowded; the hotel embracing the lifestyle brand has a strong cut through. The new generation of customers is focusing on the exploration and experience and they value authenticity. This would help them in meeting the needs of the customers dynamics, which is ever changing (Franco Pereira, 2013). Some of the relevant aspect of hospitality management is as follows: Technology: The aspect of technology is revolutionizing the hospitality industry. Moreover, the managers of the hotels need to keep an eye on the technological trends. Social media has been found to affect the hospitality industry largely. The hotels need to improve the online reputation by monitoring the comments from the social media, which are relevant to them. Hotels ahs many function ranging from accommodation to catering .all this function is operated by using the systems on the individual basis, so the systems needs to be integrated to make it a more comprehensive form of management and this would lead to faster profitability. The holistic report can be pulled together by the hotels for communicating the customers and informing the management. Technology in service sectors support the working group and the competitive advantage of the hotels are elevated with the help of incorporating technology in the business. The quality and reliability is maintained using technology. Devices such as f ood timers would assist the employee in providing the food items of consistent quality to the customers. Technology enhances the capacity of the service organization in providing superior service so that the customer becomes loyal towards them (Leonidou et al., 2013). Cost effectiveness: The cost metrics is an indicator of which shows the effectiveness of the hotel in managing its costs relative to relative to the changes in the revenue base and to identify the need whether the sections of profit and loss needs to be dig to identify the areas of costs savings. The costs may be regarding the hiring of the human resources or the cost of providing the goods and servicing the customers. The employees retention policy should be such that it leads to cost effectiveness (Lai, 2013). In order to provide the customer with the high quality of service, it is essential that the hotels follows come cost effective techniques. The inventory has to be managed in a very cost effective way. This would lead to manage the hotels in a very efficient way in terms of costs. Environmental sustainability: One of the aspects of controlling the costs in the hotel industry is achieved through the sustainable practices. The consumers are increasingly becoming interested in reducing the consumption of resources and assessing their impact on the environment. There is ample and potential benefits of the sustainability of resources and the hotel are increasingly promoting the resource conservation (Aragon et al., 2015). The efforts are intended to save the energy and resources. The newly opened hotel can use this aspect in promoting their brand and they can take efforts in reducing the use of resources that is they can set some resource reduction target (Cegarra et al., 2013). The hotels need to publicize the efforts they take in sustaining the environment. This would promote the brand image of the hotel and would increase it value. So the Mercure Sydney should embrace this sustainability factor in their system. There seems to exist a positive correlation between the market performance, financials, and satisfaction of guests, resource efficiency and the environmental sustainability. It is found that the hospitality industry spends about $ 3.7 billion annually on energy and it has been estimated by Energystar that a 10% decrease in the consumption of energy by atypical hotel providing the full service have the financial impact of increasing the daily room rate on average basis by $ 1.35. Form this fact, it can be easily assessed the benefits of the efforts of the sustainability practice. Operational efficiency: The hotel industry is operating at 89% efficiency level according to the study conducted. Operational activities are assumed to be of a vital component in order to achieve improvement. The main thing to be measured in the hotel is the efficiency in providing the service and delivering. One of the important aspect of the hotel industry us the service delivery (Baker Magnini, 2016). The service provided has to be consistent with the management tool of total quality management. The delivery of service has to be line with the principle of total quality management. In addition, the existing gaps in the delivery process need to be identified. The efficiency of the service process should be monitored by the hotels on a regular basis. In addition, the front office operations of the hotel industry have to be improved because the front office is a first impression on the customers. The front-end activity has to be focused and it has to be consistent with the proper service delivery system (To h et al., 2013). This can be regarded as one of the variables, which can provide a particular hotel to have a competitive advantage over their competitors. Mercure Sydney provided the service on twenty-four hour basis but the efficiency of the service providers has to be considered and how efficient the employees are serving their customers. Some of the points to be kept in mind in improving the service delivery efficiency are that technology should be used in every aspect of service of service delivery. Moreover, on the personal front, one factor to be considered is that inclusion of the customers in the process of service delivery can be considered as the research shows that it has helped the service delivery process. Recommendation: The hospitality facilities industry is a sector, which is mainly concerned with delivering of the quality services. So in order for a newly opened hotel to gain a competitive edge in the competitive world of the hospitality industry, it needs to have uniqueness in delivering its service so that it attracts the travelers. Several aspects discussed above such as sustainability, technology, efficiency should be considered as it has a growing importance in the hospitality sector. Mercure System provides a wide variety of service and it serves international cuisines. The Mercure Sydney has unique hotel specials. The target market for the hotel is leisure and business. So the target market has to be diversified and expanded so that the hotel is able to draw more revenue. Therefore, what else it should include is the sustainability factor into which is now a days one of the brand building strategy. In addition, the operators should embrace the world on online basis and the brand is delivere d through the multiple channels should be insured. Conclusion: The new international brand is faced with the challenges of building brand awareness and they need to develop sufficient critical mass for this purpose. The hospitality industry has revolutionized due to the growth in the emerging markets, value of brand to the consumers, and the retaining the human capital. All this has radically changed the scenario of the hotel industry. In addition, the increasing number of hotels is embracing these factors while carrying out the operational activities. Here, the hotel Mercure Sydney has a unique selling method by including the special offers technique, which would attract the customers by the affordable packages, offered. The short-term brand equity should not be the goal but the long-term brand equity has to be the goal of the hotels to strive and survive. The boutique hotels, which bring the concept of lifestyle hotels, are being widespread and the newly opened should embrace this particular concept while designing. Reference: Aragon-Correa, J. A., Martin-Tapia, I., de la Torre-Ruiz, J. (2015). Sustainability issues and hospitality and tourism firms strategies: Analytical review and future directions.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(3), 498-522. Baker, M., Magnini, V. P. (2016). The evolution of services marketing, hospitality marketing and building the constituency model for hospitality marketing.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(8). Cegarra-Navarro, J. G., Martinez-Martinez, A., Ortega Gutirrez, J., Luis Leal Rodrguez, A. (2013). Environmental knowledge, unlearning, and performance in hospitality companies.Management Decision,51(2), 341-360. Franco, M., Pereira, C. (2013). Exploring the reasons and factors influencing the formation and development of alliances in the hospitality industry.Baltic Journal of Management,8(4), 438-462. Kseoglu, M. A., Topaloglu, C., Parnell, J. A., Lester, D. L. (2013). Linkages among business strategy, uncertainty and performance in the hospitality industry: Evidence from an emerging economy.International Journal of Hospitality Management,34, 81-91. Lai, J. H. (2013). An analysis of maintenance demand, manpower, and performance of hotel engineering facilities.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,37(3), 426-444. Leonidou, L. C., Leonidou, C. N., Fotiadis, T. A., Zeriti, A. (2013). Resources and capabilities as drivers of hotel environmental marketing strategy: Implications for competitive advantage and performance.Tourism Management,35, 94-110. Li, H., Ye, Q., Law, R. (2013). Determinants of customer satisfaction in the hotel industry: an application of online review analysis.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,18(7), 784-802. Meng, X. (2015). Facilities management: tracing its development trajectory.Property Management,33(3), 212-223. Sydney, M. (2016).4 Star Hotel In Sydney|Facilities|Fitness Centre Sydney.Mercuresydney.com.au. Retrieved 6 August 2016, from https://www.mercuresydney.com.au/en/facilities.html Toh, R. A., Potapova, I. I., Astrakhan, T. (2013). Checkin Checkout: Improving the Management of Hotel Front Office Operations.European Journal of Economic Studies,4(2), 33. Tucker, M. P., Masuri, M. R. A. (2016). The rationale to integrate facilities management into the development process.Property Management,34(4). Wu, Z., Hollis, B., Tanner, L. K. (2013). The Application of Hospitality Elements in Hospitals/PRACTITIONER APPLICATION.Journal of Healthcare Management,58(1), 47.

Convicted Felons Should They Be Allowed To Vote Essay Sample free essay sample

The term disenfranchisement or taking away a felons right to vote. has been around since antediluvian Greece and Rome Eras. In Europe. a status called â€Å"civil death† involves the forfeiture of belongings. the loss of the right to look in tribunal and a prohibition on come ining into contracts. every bit good as loss of voting rights. Convicted criminals of any offense should be allowed the opportunity to demo that they can be productive citizens once more. Ex-cons are continuously persecuted for a past action and non given the chance to turn out that a alteration has occurred. This unfortunate event will ensue in the same individual returning to imprisonment due to miss of control. after being told that he or she no longer holds any civil rights. â€Å"According to The Sentence Project. 5. 3 million Americans ( 1 in 40 grownups ) were unable to vote due to a felony strong belief in the 2008 elections. This included 1. 4 million African American work forces. more than 676. 000 adult females. and 2. 1 million ex-offenders who have completed their sentences. † No citizen would see it to be rational to punish criminals long after they have left prison or have completed word or probation. There are many types of Torahs in topographic point to deny an ex-con to run for office. retain a professional licence. such as an lawyer. or to function as a publically traded ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nesl. org/legistatures-elections/elections/felon-voting-rights. aspx ) Coleman Literature Review 3 company. In most provinces. a convicted criminal loses his right to vote while incarcerated. However. 14 provinces have for good stripped their ex-cons of all of their civil rights. Few provinces do non take to utilize disenfranchisement as a penalty for a felony offense. There are provinces that permit captives to vote from the gaol cell via absentee vote ballot. Unfortunately. the count from those allowed to vote to those who are disenfranchised is in the 100s of 1000s and continues to turn quickly every twenty-four hours. Harmonizing to Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP. Florida is the figure one province of criminals enduring from disenfranchisement. In the twelvemonth of 2007. NAACP President and CEO Benjamin Jealous. kicked off a run to assist the disenfranchised to go active citizens in their communities once more. â€Å"What this comes down to truly is. make you believe voting is a right or is it a privilege? Because if vote is a right. people who hav e paid their debt to society should be allowed to vote. † Jealous said on a Tuesday in March 2007 on â€Å"CNN Newsroom. † Covetous isn’t the lone 1 that has these feelings of unfairness. when it comes to citizenship. This hits place enormously for the African American communities who suffer from disenfranchisement the most. There are many militant and protagonists who feel that if you are born of the United States of America. so you should be able to recover your civil rights. no affair how many falls into the jurisprudence that you may hold had. This is the â€Å"American Dream† to get down for the underside and reconstruct yourself up to a individual that can be utile in society once more. The so Republican. now Democrat Charlie Christ of Florida. signed a reform to let former criminals who have completed their sentences to more easy acquire their vote rights back. This reform was reversed four old ages subsequently by Florida’s current Governor Rick Scott. When Scott was questioned about his Coleman Literature Review 4 actions. this how he responded â€Å"In publishing the new regulations for voting rights for ex-felons are intended to stress public safety and guarantee that all appliers desire mildness. deserve mildness. and demonstrate they are improbable to reoffend. † â€Å" It bases to ground that persons who have committed serious force or sexual discourtesies ; abused the privilege of keeping public office ; endangered society with toxicant drugs ; or carried a piece after they have been convicted should be required to go to a hearing and explicate why their rights should be restored. † Scott said in a statement in March 2011. Some criminals even after release suffered from the wake ensuing from a old apprehension because they are non certain what rights they do keep after an imprisonment. such as Eric Willem from Roseau County. Minnesota. Eric Stephen Willem’s. who was 25 at the clip and had been a convicted criminal since the twelvemonth of 2004. Unfortunately. for Willem’s who was voting for the 4th clip. it was an extra felony to be voting. harmonizing to Roseau County Attorney’s Office. This sent Willem back to the topographic point where he did non desire to be. gaol. for an extra twelvemonth. Back in 2005. this job was at the top of the docket for H. Clinton and J. Kerry who were seeking to hike ballots for the Democrats. After election licking in 2005. Democrats mend their ways by stressing moral values. Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton and John Kerry introduce the Count Every Vote Act. which she claims is â€Å"critical to reconstructing America’s religion in our vote system. † Besides to be added to the Act. a proviso to guarantee that voting rights are wholly restored to criminals who have repaid their debt to society by finishing probation. word or prison footings. Senator C linton says that there are 4. 7 million such disfranchised criminals in 48 provinces and the District of Columbia. This power presently lies with the single provinces. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cnn. com/2012/10/02/politics/ex-felon-votingrights/index. hypertext markup language ) Coleman Literature Review 5 causation criterions to change. The 14th Amendment to the Constitution explicitly allows provinces to deny criminals the right to vote. From past statistics. criminals bring an overpowering ballot for Democrats. Is this is a crafty manner for Democrats to alter the game and obtain an copiousness of ballots to transport them to a win for a future election? In past surveies by Jeff Monza and Marcus Britton of Northwestern University and Christopher Uggen of University of Minnesota estimated that Bill Clinton pulled 86 per centum of the criminal ballot in 1992 and a humongous 93 per centum in 1996. These Numberss proved that the criminal ballot had a immense impact on the consequence of elections shortly to come. Ex-con ballots have great impact on the consequences of an election and c ould alter the vote procedure forever. The research workers found that about 30 per centum of criminals vote when given the opportunity. So. if all 4. 7 million of Mrs. Clinton’s ex-cons are re-enfranchised. about 1. 4 million will project ballots. and about 1. 2 million of those will be for Democrats. Manza A ; Co’s consequences indicate that this â€Å"felon vote† would hold given Democrats the White House in 2000 and control of the Senate from 1986 to 2004. reported by James K. Glassman and John R. Lott with the New York Post. on March 01. 2005. Other politicians disagree with the positions associated with stoping disenfranchisements for ex-felons because of grounds that I have mentioned antecedently. The lone inquiry that remains is: Can we come together as grownups to decide the issue. so that it is just to those who have followed the regulations after interrupting them? What is the right to make? Take a expression at the undermentioned paperss released from the State of Florida and see how the route to Restoration of rights for provinces varies provided by ProCon. org. My current province Florida is listed and has one of the hardest procedures in the state to reconstruct one’s rights. ( World Wide Web. procon. org ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. aei. org/article/society-and-culture/the-felon-vote/ ) Coleman Literature Review 6 Here is a transcript of the Rick Scott Press Release sing my subject. FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CONTACT: AMY GRAHAMMARCH 9. 2011850-488-5394Governor Scott and Florida Cabinet DiscussAmended Rules of Executive ClemencyTallahassee. Fla. – Governor Rick Scott today convened a particular meeting of the Florida Board of Executive Clemency to discourse and vote on amending the regulations of mildness for ex-offenders. Governor Scott’s Remarks Prepared for Delivery March 9. 2011We have Amended Rules of Executive Clemency for our consideration. The proposed alterations are intended to stress public safety and guarantee that all appliers desire mildness. deserve mildness. and demonstrate they are improbable to reoffend. For Pardons. Firearm Authority. and Commutations: Release of the 10-year waiting period for forgiveness applications and the 8-year waiting period for firearm authorization applications will no longer be allowed. In other words. criminals will non be permitted to use for a forgiveness or piece rights until they have demonstrated their committedness to stay by the jurisprudence for the time-period set Coleman Literature Review 7 Forth in the regulations. Applicants for Commutation of Sentence will now subject a â€Å"Request for Review† alternatively of a â€Å"Request for Waiver. † and must finish at least one-third of their sentence or. if functioning a minimal compulsory sentence. one-half of their sentence. before being eligible to use. For Restoration of Civil Rights: Criminals seeking Restoration of rights will besides be required to show that they desire and deserve mildness by using merely after they have shown they are willing to stay by the jurisprudence. First. anyone seeking Restoration of civil rights must subject an application. Second. The Clemency Board will reexamine each application separately before make up ones minding whether to allow Restoration of civil rights. Restoration of civil rights will non be granted â€Å"automatically† for any discourtesies. Third. there will be waiting periods before criminals are eligible to use. There will be two classs of appliers: â€Å"With a Hearing† and â€Å"Without a Hearing. †1. Applicants whose offenses are serious plenty to necessitate them to go to a hearing will be eligible to use after holding no new felony strong beliefs for a period of seven old ages after completion of their sentences. 2. Applicants whose offenses do non necessitate them to go to a hearing will be eligible to use after they have been crime- and arrest-free for a period of five old ages after completion of their sentences. If the Board denies Restoration of civil rights â€Å"Without a Hearing. † appliers may take to prosecute their rights â€Å"With a Hearing. †Additionally. a figure of offenses will be added to the bing list of unfiting discourtesies that make an applier ineligible to have Restoration of civil rights â€Å"Without a Hearing. † For illustration. extra sexual offenses –including obscenity and indecorous exposure – every bit good as all drug trafficking and all first- and second-degree drug discourtesies will unfit an applier from Restoration of civil rights â€Å"Without a Hearing. †Other illustrations include ownership of a piece by a Coleman Literature Review 8 criminal. RICO. and public corruptness offenses. It stands to ground that persons who have committed serious force or sexual discourtesies ; abused the privilege of keeping public office ; endangered society with toxicant drugs ; or carried a piece after they have been convicted should be required to go to a hearing and explicate why their rights should be restored. The Restoration of Civil Rights can be a important portion of the rehabilitation of condemnable wrongdoers and can help them in reentry into society. It is of import that this signifier of mildness be granted in a deliberate. thoughtful mode that prioritizes public s afety and creates inducements to avoid condemnable activity. Online Resource Cite Page 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. aei. org/article/society-and-culture/the-felon-vote/ ) 2. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cnn. com/2012/10/02/politics/ex-felon-voting-rights/index. hypertext markup language ) 3. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nesl. org/legistatures-elections/elections/felon-voting-rights. aspx ) 4. ( World Wide Web. procon. org ) Coleman Literature Review 10 Article Reference Page1. Clemens. E. S. ( 2007 ) . Locked out: Felon disenfranchisement: Legislation vs. judicial proceeding. Journal of Law and Policy. 11. 369-801.2. Dawson-Edwards. C. ( 2008 ) . Affranchising convicted criminals: Current research on sentiments towards felon voting rights. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. 46 ( 3-4 ) . 13-29. doi:10. 1080/10509670802143201 3. Figler. Bailey ( 2006 ) . A ballot for democracy: Confronting the racial facets of criminal disenfranchisement. New York University Annual Survey of American Law. 61. 723-865 4. Thomas J. Miles. ( 2004 ) Felon disenfranchisement and elector turnout. The Journal of Legal surveies. 33. 85-517

A Sports Commentary Essay Sample Can Teach You Everything You Need To Know

A Sports Commentary Essay Sample Can Teach You Everything You Need To KnowA sports commentary essay is the perfect introduction to what you are trying to accomplish with your online teaching career. When you're writing a thesis, you do not need to spend hours studying an extensive number of texts that cover a wide variety of topics. Instead, you can have your thesis based on one work. And by choosing a sports commentary essay sample you will know that you are about to read a work of art.If you are thinking about doing a sports commentary essay for college, then you need to prepare yourself to learn how to write a good analysis. Remember that you should be looking at your own career. Sports commentary is not some type of crass advertising, but rather a highly engaging and entertaining form of entertainment. If you plan to become a sports commentator, then you must be able to present yourself and your argument in an effective manner. So you need to be well informed and have the ability to express yourself clearly and accurately.The first step towards being a well rounded, passionate and knowledgeable commentator is to learn some basic rules and guidelines that will allow you to understand sports in a different light. The job of a sports commentator is to analyze. So for you to be successful as a sports commentator, you will need to study sports and get to know their history and personalities. You need to know how they treat each other and how they make decisions.It is very important for you to understand that sports commentary is just as much fun as watching it. Without learning to enjoy sports, you will never really be able to have that drive to be an analytical sports commentator. Remember that your passion will draw people into watching you commentate on sports. To make this happen, you need to study the people who commentate on sports.Your main reason for wanting to become a sports commentator is to be able to discuss and dissect the actions of individuals or teams. You are a sports commentator. You are capable of making major decisions in the games that you see every day. For you to be able to make decisions, you will need to understand and learn the rules and regulations of your sport. The best way to learn the rules of your sport is to learn from a reputable resource. These resources will teach you how to use a microphone correctly and explain every little detail of the rules.You will also learn how to appeal to your audience. Some sports commentators attract viewers through their natural charm and charisma. They exude an air of professionalism. These things are going to make you stand out in the crowd and make you successful. You are going to be respected in your field and you are going to have more fans than you know what to do with.One of the best ways to learn how to become a sports commentator is to find a knowledgeable resource and study the contents. Online sources are available for every topic you can think of. So you don't n eed to be picky. There are no limits to the amount of information that you can get.And once you have your own sports commentary essay, you can expand on it. And remember, if you want to be great, you have to study hard and have fun.

4 Ways Freelance Writers Can Overcome Anxiety When Sending Out the First Pitch

Youre almost there; You searched for freelance writing jobs, found a great ad and youre ready to send that pitch. But, wait. Suddenly, you cant. The thoughts of not being perfect, of  not having a journalism degree and feeling like an imposter floods over you. Theres no way your pitch will get a response and theres no way that company will hire you for their content. Now, youre not sure if youre cut out for all of this. Having anxiety over sending out that first pitch is real. For a lot of writers, the online business marketing world is new. Selling yourself is foreign. So, how do you make that first step easier? Here are four ways you can overcome anxiety if you are sending out your first pitch! 1. Honor the First Pitch Congratulations! You spent hours creating samples and searching for a freelance writing job and now you are ready to draft up that pitch. Instead of hyperventilating,  give yourself a high-five! Cross that off your to-do list and count that as a success. Sending it shouldnt be the biggest thing to remember; remember the journey of getting to that point in your business. Honor it. 2. Its Not Personal Look, writing is a creative process and its personal. You pour your thoughts, passion, time into your writing and fear comes to play. You worry that all that effort and love you put into your writing isnt seen that way from a potential client. You fear that they take one look at your writing and will say to you that you can never be a freelance writer ever again! Of course, this will never happen. Most likely, youll never hear from a prospect, but the fear is there. Just know that your pitch is not personal. This is a business and prospects are getting pitched to daily. As a freelance writer, you may not write on topics you enjoy. But, you get paid and thats all that counts if you want to make a living as a freelance writer. Within this business, you can get paid right away, every week and consistently. As a fiction author, its not that consistent, right? Even as a magazine writer, it might be months (or years) before you get paid for an article you wrote months or years before. So, remember that your writing isnt personal. The pitch you send isnt personal (but it is personalized!). 3. Build a Metric Around Pitching Do you know the #1 thing I tell brand new freelance writers? If you want to get paid to write, make it your job to find your first freelance writing client. As the saying goes, if you dont have a job, its your job to find a job. To make it easier for you, start building a metric around pitching. In reality, pitching is a numbers game. The more your pitch, the greater chances you have at landing your first gig. Give yourself goals or metrics to hit every day as a way to take action and not really think about what you are doing. I like to tell new writers to pitch 10 times a day for 2 weeks. Thats the metric you hit every day for 14 days. Whether you cold pitch, warm pitch, use job boards or not, your metric is pitching 10 times a day. So, instead of wallowing on that ONE pitch, just get a template ready, personalize it and send it off. Boom. Youre done. Move on. 4. Always Be Hustling This is what happens to new writers: You scour the net for a potential freelance writing job and then spend hours drafting your pitch. After two days of analyzing, editing and changing your pitch, you finally send it. But, wait! You just wasted two days on one pitch. By then you should have pitched 20 times! So, dont dive into one potential job. You should always be hustling and looking for more jobs to pitch to. Im sure youre thinking, but what if I land all those gigs I apply to? The likelihood of that happening isnt very high (even for professional writers!), but if it does, now you have the power and position to set your rate and pick the jobs you want! If you need to get clients, then you need to set your week as a hustler! Write down all the marketing things you need to do in a week so that you can land gig after gig. Dont Let Yourself Be In The Way of Your Success We are always our worst enemy, right? And its no different when you want to pursue freelance writing. You will always find doubt in your abilities. But you know what? That doubt goes away or at least quiets for a long time. Im in a position now to pick and choose my writing clients. I pick my rate and sometimes my deadlines too! I have no doubt in my ability to deliver top-notch content for my clients. You will get to that point. With hard work and networking, you will achieve success as a freelance writer. Over to you – whats the one thing holding you back from sending that pitch?

GPS - The Future of Agricultur essays

GPS - The Future of Agricultur essays Its cold, its late, youre driving home from the public speaking contest when suddenly, BAM, you hit a patch of ice and your car slides out of control. Across the road, through the ditch, into the left over stubble of a corn field, finally stopping at an old tree. Then it happens. You hear the voice... Your name are you all right? You pause and wonder... Where is the voice coming from? Your name, this is Angie with On-Star. Our system indicates that your airbag have been deployed. Are you in need of assistance? You try to answer, but no words will come out. your name, this is Angie with On-Star. We have identified the position of your vehicle, and since you are unable to respond at this time, we have contacted the local police department and help is on the way. Now I bet you are wondering what any of this has to do with agriculture. Well sit back, relax, and let me tell you a story of how the same technology used by On-Star has changed the face of farming. In the 1980s, everyone wanted to talk about sustainable agriculture. In the 1990s, it was precision agriculture (Thompson). Now, GPS and remote sensing have moved precision agriculture to the forefront. To many people, the Global Positioning System, or GPS, was once thought to be a mega system used by the government and military and not something that the average Joe would ever see up close. Well, things have changed! Many people today are familiar with GPS systems, such as On Star, that they can install in their vehicles or GPS programs available for your cell phone and your Palm Pilot as well. Yet, the average citizen may not think of GPS as something that has helped the agricultural industry. Even those that are familiar with the name, GPS, probably can not tell you what it really is or how it functions, so heres the quick introduction course. According to renowned physicist Edward Taylor...

EKON Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EKON - Essay Example Looking at the demand or need of any certain product can bring innovation. EKON has been lucky enough to find a need for chairs that cater the customers with back problems and also those customers who require sympathetic chairs. With need we even have to see the target market of our new products, apply marketing mixes and assess whether the product would be successful or not. This report would brief us on things to consider before launching the new products. Ekon will first have to research on the products that they plan to launch by the help of marketing research process. Through this process we will systematically design, collect, analyze and report on data and findings relevant to our launching of the two new products. We can even outsource this process or form our own marketing research team. The marketing research process takes place in six steps: (see reference list for the source). 1. Define the problem and research objectives: marketing management will inform the research team about the two products being launched, but the management will have to be careful not to define the problem too broadly or narrowly. With the problem defining, decision alternatives and research objectives will have to be made clear. The team would be covering the customers falling under the backache problems or in need of sympathetic chairs. Now what kinds of things do the customers want in the prescribed form of chairs would be found after the process ends. 2. Develop the research plan: after we make clear objectives of our research the team will have to come up with the most efficient plan to gather the information needed. Like data sources (primary and secondary data), research instruments (questionnaires, surveys, behavioral data and experimental research). The EKON team will have to see the feasibility and available budget before forming the plan. The retrieval of data from any source may vary in terms of cost. EKON plans to

Complaints Against an Attorney Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Complaints Against an Attorney - Essay Example The subchapter 8.100 of the Michigan Court rules clearly states some rules that regulate the conduct of attorneys. In addition, the Michigan Supreme Court occasionally produces administrative orders, which can have the same effect of the Michigan Court Rules governing attorney practices. (Michigan legal ethics). Michigan attorneys are accountable for their misconducts regardless of whether or not they are occurred in the course of an attorney-client relationship. According to the section 0.2:240 of the Michigan Rules of Professional Conduct, misconduct can be referred to as â€Å"conduct prejudicial to the proper administration of justice† or â€Å"conduct that exposes the legal profession or the courts to obloquy contempt, censure or reproach† (Michigan legal ethics). An individual can file a complaint against the attorney if the individual truly believes that the attorney’s conduct was against justice, professional ethics, honesty and good morals. If the attorney’s conduct does not meet the Standards of Professional Responsibility set by the Supreme Court, he will be found guilty. An individual can file a Request for Investigation if the attorney’s conduct is contrary to US’ or any of its states’ criminal law. An attorney will be found accountable for his misconduct if he intentionally misrepresents any fact or circumstance. In short, an individual can file a Request for Investigation against an attorney if the complainant really believes that the conduct of the attorney was against his professional ethics. Anyone can file a complaint against an attorney licensed by the State Bar of Michigan or permitted by an authoritative court by filling and signing the Request for Investigation form of AGC. In addition, the complaint can also be filed by sending in a signed letter. According to the Attorney Grievance Commission, â€Å"The form or letter must be signed and sufficiently describe the alleged

Learning Theories Essay Example for Free

Learning Theories Essay This chapter takes a brief look at the two major categories of learning theories (behaviorism and constructivism), the major theorists within those categories, and the implications of those theories for the use of multimedia and communications and information technology for learning purposes. A separate section within the chapter provides a brief overview of learning based upon neuroscience and recent discoveries about the functioning of the brain. A series of links are provided to further resources on learning theory, neuroscience, and the brain. pic] Our Technological Revolution and the Implications for the Way We Learn We have all experienced a learning moment when we were so focussed or engulfed in the learning, that everything else did not matter. Candidly, the raison detre or motivation for our focus may have been that we had a boss or teacher breathing down our neck or an impending exam was to quantify our level of knowledge or intelligence or a particular moment necessitated that a skill be learned very quickly. Regardless of the motivating factors for this moment of focussed learning, the experience is what psychologists Mihaly Czikszentmihalyi and Ellen Langer label in their respective theories, as moments of optimum flow or mindfulness. According to psychologist Mihaly Czikszentmihalyi, optimum flow occurs when: Alientation gives way to involvement, enjoyment replaces boredom, helplessness turns into a feeling of control, and psychic energy works to reinforce the sense of self, instead of being lost in the service of external goals. (Czikszentmihalyi, 1990, p. 9) Replicating such moments of optimum flow is the job of educators regardless of the domain, whether it be school, the workplace in job training, or the military, etc. Moreover, certain learning theorists are advocating the greater use of technology, namely computers, in learning situations because they see enormous potential of computer technology to replicate these optimum moments of flow. Learning is a personal act. We each plac e our own personal stamp on how we learn, what we learn and when we learn. We in effect have our own learning style. Howard Gardners theory of multiple intelligences which acknowledges learning as an holistic experience is, at present, one of the most well known descriptors of human cognitive profiles. The act of learning is paradoxical in nature. It can at times appear to be a very simple act. So simple, that we do not question its presence in how we go about our daily activities, for it is natural to our existence as learning organisms. Yet, when we encounter difficulties in learning something, we no longer take the learning process for granted. It is only then that our metacognition or awareness of how we learn is heightened. Learning is taken for granted as a natural process. As simple a process it may seem, the root of understanding how we learn is not as straight forward. The existence of numerous definitions and theories of learning attest to the complexity of this process. A random sampling of any educational psychology text will illustrate the variance in views to what exactly is learning and how we do learn. In Educational Psychology: An Introduction, for example, the authors write, Learning implies a change in the individual as a result of some intervention. It may be viewed as an outcome or as a process. (Belkin and Gray, 1977, p. 211) While this definition reflects a behaviorist view of learning, for it equates learning as an outcome, it is a starting point for the authors to expand their description of learning into many other realms, namely the different theories of learning. They in effect, devote a whole chapter of their text just to describe the many ways of defining learning. While it may seem somewhat premature to evaluate the aforementioned definition of learning and to equate it with a specific theory, it is important to recognize that intervention in the learning process can imply many different things. The degree of intervention, by who or what and how, are the defining factors of a learning theory. These factors help distinguish the many different theories. As you will see these theories are not stagnant. They are evolving and changing as we discover new ways of viewing human cognition. The mechanistic model of the mind of the behavior era has given way to the logical-computational model favored by artificial intelligence and cognitive science theorists (McLellan, 1996, p. 6). Don Tapscott, in his book Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation, argues that we are now in a digital era of learning. According to Tapscott, a transformation in learning is taking place from what he labels broadcast learning to interactive learning. No longer are todays generation of learners satisfied in being the passive recipients of the traditional teaching process, rather, they want to discover it for themselves by becoming interactive with the learning. The net generation children using GlobaLearn [a web site], are beginning to process information and learn differently than the boomers before them. New media tools offer great promise for a new model of learning one based on discovery and participation. (Tapscott, 1998, p. 127) Tapscotts thesis that the technological revolution is permeating every aspect of our lives forces us to examine the use of computer technology as learning devices. Such rapid social, economic and general lifestyle change, due in essence to the technological revolution, begs the question based on learning theory, why does the use of computers as a learning tool make sense? This chapter will answer this question by profiling the many learning theories. [pic] The Spectrum of Learning Theories As a review of the literature of learning theories will illustrate there are many labels being used to describe the many theories. Moreover, there are many theorists associated with each approach. A categorization of these labels and theorists will help in understanding these fundamental theories. The spectrum of learning theories consists of many approaches or ways of explaining how humans learn. A description of each of these theories will suffice in providing you with enough knowledge to critically examine the use of computer technology as a learning device. The resume of each theory will consist of: †¢ the associated names of the theory †¢ a description of the theory †¢ theorists associated with the theory †¢ hyperlinks on the World Wide Web Diagram #1: The two extremes Behaviorism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Constructivism The extremes of this learning theory spectrum are represented by respectively, the Behaviorist and Constructivist theories of learning. As theories trying to explain the same thing, they are bipolar based on their respective views of how knowledge is acquired and the intervention of tools of learning (teachers or instructors). As a context to better understand all of the theories of learning presented in this chapter, examine these two extremes first and then place the remaining theories onto the spectrum. [pic] Behaviorism The Associated Names of this Theory: Behaviorism labelled as a teaching approach is often referred to as directed instruction. As you compare this theory with the Constructivist view of learning, this label will become self-evident. Also in contrast to Constructivism, it has been labelled an objectivist theory of learning. Theorists associated with Behaviorism: J. B Watson E. L Thorndike B. F Skinner A Description of Behaviorism: The concern or emphasis of Behaviorism is observable indicators that learning is taking place. Contrasting this view of learning is the emphasis of cognitive psychologists who equate learning with the mental processes of the mind. Behaviorists do not deny the existence of these mental processes. In fact, they acknowledge their existence as an unobservable indication of learning. The focus of Behaviorism is on the conditioning of observable human behavior. J. B Watson, the father of Behaviorism, defined learning as a sequence of stimulus and response actions in observable cause and effect relationships. The behaviorists example of classical conditioning demonstrates the process whereby a human learns to respond to a neutral stimulus in such a manner that would normally be associated with an unconditioned stimulus. The supporting example often cited with classical conditioning is the case of Pavlovs dog. The focus of Pavlovs experiment was the digestive process in animals. In conducting the experiment, Pavlov noticed that the dog would salivate (response), upon hearing the ringing of a bell. This occurred because the dog had learned to associate its unconditional stimuli (normally feeding), with the neutral stimuli of the bell ringing simultaneously with the feeding process. Watson, believed that the stimuli that humans receive may be generated internally (for example hunger), or externally (for example, a loud noise). B. F. Skinner expanded on the foundation of Behaviorism, established by Watson, and on the work of Edward Thorndike, by focussing on operant conditioning. According to Skinner, voluntary or automatic behavior is either strengthened or weakened by the immediate presence of a reward or a punishment. The learning principle behind operant conditioning is that new learning occurs as a result of positive reinforcement, and old patterns are abandoned as a result of negative reinforcement. (Belkin and Gray, 1977, p. 9) In his book entitled, The Technology of Teaching, Skinner wrote: The application of operant conditioning to education is simple and direct. Teaching is the arrangement of contingencies of reinforcement under which students learn. They learn without teaching in their natural environments, but teachers arrange special contingencies which expedite learning, hastening the appearance of behavior which would otherwise be acquired slowly or making sure of the appearance of behavior which otherwise never occur. (Skinner, 1968, p. 4) Skinner believed that more complex learning could be achieved by this process of contingencies and reinforcement through successive stages in the shaping process, the contingencies of reinforcement being changed progressively in the direction of the required behavior. (Skinner, 1968, p. 10) Applying the theoretical principles of Behaviorism to learning environments, it is easy to recognize that we have many behaviorist artifacts in our learning world. A dissection of the traditional teaching approaches used for years would reveal the powerful influence that Behaviorists have had on learning. The concept of directed instruction, whereby a teacher is providing the knowledge to the students either directly or through the set up of contingencies, is an excellent example of the Behaviorist model of learning. The use of exams to measure observable behavior of learning, the use of rewards and punishments in our school systems, and the breaking down of the instruction process into conditions of learning (as developed by Robert Gagne), are all further examples of the Behaviorist influence. With the advent of the computer in school, C. A. I. , or computer-assisted instruction has become a prominent tool for teaching, because from a Behaviorist perspective, it is an effective way of learning. CAI uses the drill and practice approach to learning new concepts or skills. The question acting as the stimulus, elicits a response from the user. Based on the response a reward may be provided. The contingencies of learning are translated into different levels of the program. Rewarding the user to a different level for correct responses follows exactly the approach of operant conditioning. Educators have espoused CAI as an effective teaching approach because it allows for self-paced instruction and it liberates them from the direct instruction of all their students so as to focus on those students with particular needs. Hyperlinks to Behaviorist Web Pages: http://www. coe. uh. edu/~srmehall/theory/theory. html http://tecfa. unige. ch/edu-comp/edu-s94/contrib/schneider/learn. fm. html#REF13085 http://www. sil. org/lingualinks/library/literacy/fre371/vao443/TKS2569/tks347/tks734/ http://mse. byu. edu/ipt301/jordan/learnterm_b. html [pic] Constructivism: The Associated Names of this Theory: Constructivsm is recognized as a unique learning theory in itself. It however, may be associated with cognitive psychology because as a theory of learning it focuses on a learners ability to mentally construct meaning of their own environment and to create their own learning. As a teaching practice it is associated with different degrees of non-directed learning. The term constructivsm is linked to Cognitive and Social Constructivsm. Theorists associated with Constuctivism: John Dewey Lev Vygotsky Jean Piaget Jerome Bruner Seymour Papert Mitchell Resnick A Description of Constructivism: The merits of Behaviorist learning theory and of their teaching practices are well documented. They have served well in teaching a growing North American population over the past six decades. Behavioral learning theory manifested itself in creating a systematic approach to teaching. Robert Gagne and Leslie Briggs, in their book, Principles of Instructional Design, combined Behaviorist principles of learning with a cognitive theory of learning named Information-Processing. The focus of the latter theory in this combination was of the internal processing that occurred during a learning moment. The design of instruction must be undertaken with suitable attention to the conditions under which learning occurs. With reference to the learner, learning conditions are both external and internal. These conditions are in turn dependent upon what is being learned. How can these basic ideas be used to design instruction ? How can they be applied to the design of single lessons, of courses, and of entire systems of instructions ? (Gagne and Briggs, 1974, p. 14) Gagne and Briggs principles of instructional design broke down the teaching process into a systematic process of nine steps. It is in effect, this type of systematic approach to teaching that acted as the catalyst for the creation of another view of the way humans learn. Behaviorist learning theory had served its purpose and its approach and goals were becoming outdated according to Constructivists like Seymour Papert. Constructivist learning theory sought to improve on what Behaviorist learning theory had already established by focussing on the motivation and ability for humans to construct learning for themselves. It viewed Behaviorism as being too teacher centered and directed. Constructivists regarded the educational system as a process of matching skill objectives with test items. It was void of meaningful learning. They also saw the teaching process focus too much on individual work rather than on group work. The final critique of Behaviorist learning theory from the Constructivist perspective helped define the core of Constructivism. To imply that knowledge is separate to the human mind and that it must be transferred to the learner in a teacher centered approach fundamentally was counter to the Constructivist theory of learning. Constructivists believe that all humans have the ability to construct knowledge in their own minds through a process of discovery and problem-solving. The extent to which this process can take place naturally, without structure and teaching is the defining factor amongst those who advocate this learning theory. Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, observed human development as progressive stages of cognitive development. His four stages, which commence at infancy and progress into adulthood, characterize the cognitive abilities necessary at each stage to construct meaning of ones environment. Seymour Papert, psychologist and contemporary critique of Behaviorist teaching methods, writes in his book, The Childrens Machine: Thus, constructionism, my personal reconstruction of constructivism has as its main feature the fact that it looks more closely than other educational -isms at the idea of mental construction. It attaches special importance to the role of constructions in the world as a support for those in the head, thereby becoming less of a purely mentalist doctrine. (Papert, 1993, p. 42) As the inventor of LOGO, the programming tool for children, Papert too believed that children as learners have a natural curiosity to construct meaning of their world. The educational system as Papert saw it was too structured and it stifled this natural curiosity. The means by which children were being taught relegated them to a role of passive recipients of the teaching hence, they were not motivated to construct any learning for themselves. Learning according to Constructivists is a question of motivating an individual to attach new meaning to past cognitive experiences. According to Papert: It [constuctivsm] does not call in question the value of instruction as such. That would be silly: Even the statement (endorsed if not originated by Piaget) that every act of teaching deprives the child of an opportunity for discovery is not a categorical imperative against teaching, but a paradoxically expressed reminder to keep it in check. The constructionist attitude to teaching is not at all dismissive because it is minimalist the goal is to teach in such a way as to produce the most learning for the least teaching. Of course, this cannot be achieved simply by reducing the quantity of teaching while leaving everything unchanged. The principle other necessary change parallels an African proverb: If a man is hungry you can give him a fish, but it is better to give him a line and teach him to catch fish himself. (Papert, 1993, p. 139) Paperts desire to have children become motivated learners, critical thinkers, problem-solvers and metacognitionists is to be achieved through educational reform that provides the learner with the necessary tools to participate and to take ownership of the learning process. According to Papert, the computer is the appropriate tool to achieve such desired educational reform. These desired objectives of Papert and others who share the Constructivist view of learning are coming closer to reality as more people discover the power of computer technology. From Donald Tapscotts perspective, Paperts desired reality is happening now, as a paradigm shift to more interactive learning due to the exploitation of the digital media is taking place in our learning institutions. Tapscott cites eight shifts in learning today: †¢ From linear to hypermedia. †¢ From instruction to construction and discovery. †¢ From teacher-centered to learner-centered education. †¢ From absorbing material to learning how to navigate and how to learn. †¢ From school to lifelong learning. †¢ From one-size-fits-all to customized learning. †¢ From learning as torture as learning as fun. †¢ From the teacher as transmitter to the teacher as facilitator. Hyperlinks to Constructivist Web Pages: http://www. tcimet. net/mmclass/summer/CHPTales. tm http://www. coe. uh. edu/~srmehall/theory/construct. html http://www. gwu. edu/~tip/bruner. html http://www. mamamedia. com/areas/grownups/people/seymour. html http://www. mamamedia. com/areas/grownups/home_alt. html http://lynx. dac. neu. edu/home/httpd/t/tjohnson/papert%20history. htm [pic] Fitting the other Theories onto the Spectrum The two extremes of the spectrum have been outlined (refer to diagram #2). Inherent within each of these two extremes are related theories. Diagram #2: (Spectrum Summary) Behaviorism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Constructivism   Directed Instruction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-directed Instruction Objectivist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Constructivist Teacher-centered   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Learner-centered Behavioral observations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cognitive operations Focus on the individual   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Group work is emphasized More focussed on one approach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More holistic in approach Fundamentally, Constructivism is a cognitive learning theory because of its focus on the mental processes that construct meaning. Other learning theories equated with cognitive psychology are: Information-Processing theory, Scaffolding theory (associated with the Russian philosopher Lev Vygotsky) and Brain-based learning theory (associated with neuroscientists such as Marian Diamond and Robert Sylwester and educator Susan Kovalik). Information-Processing theory regards human learning as being analogous to a computer and its ability to store memory. As humans we process information initially with our senses. This information is either processed into our short term memory or it is lost. If this information is used and practised it is only then put into long term memory. Lev Vygotsky thought that our cognitive development was directly related to our social development. The culture we live in influences our social and cognitive development according to Vygotsky. He further recognized the differences of how the world is seen by children and by adults. Vygotsky labelled this difference in cognitive ability as the zone of proximal development. The job of educators was to identify this zone and to find out where the child was situated in this zone and build upon their specific level through a scaffolding process. Building from what the learner knows is in essence, anchoring the learning on past experience. Such anchoring is fundamental to Constructivist theory of learning. Computer technology is viewed by Seymour Papert as an excellent means to anchoring learning to meaningful experiences. The complexity of understanding how humans learn is reflective of our complexity as biological, social and cognitive animals. Many theories exist, all focussing on different aspects of our make-up as humans. Each theory is an attempt to explain how we learn, act and behave: Sigmund Freud focussed on our sub-conscious, Skinner on our observable behavior, cognitive psychologists on our mental processes, humanistic psychology on our social and interpersonal development. Howard Gardner took a more holistic approach in describing our cognitive profiles. His classification of human intellectual ability into seven intelligences incorporates many aspects of psychology to define the cognitive behavior of humans. Before moving on to Multiple Intelligences , refer to the following hyperlinks for information on other learning theories. http://mse. byu. edu/ipt301/jordan/learning. html [pic] Theory of Multiple Intelligences: Human intelligence should not be equated solely with linguistic or logical-mathematical intelligence alone, according to Howard Gardner. As the author of a new way of looking at human intelligences, Gardner, a Harvard professor, identified a total of seven different intelligences that humans may possess. His list includes: †¢ Linguistic intelligence †¢ Logical-mathematical intelligence †¢ Spatial intelligence †¢ Musical intelligence †¢ Bodily-kinesthetic †¢ Interpersonal intelligence †¢ Intrapersonal intelligence Gardner is working on more intelligences that qualify as cognitive processes: Multiple intelligences theory, on the other hand, pluralizes the traditional concept(Gardner, 1993, p. 15) Gardners fascination with human intelligence and how the brain works was started with an investigation of people who had experienced brain damage of some sort. He recognized that not all abilities, whether cognitive or motor-sensory, were eliminated from the individuals repertoire despite having endured some form of brain damage. Gardner hypothesized that we possess more than one form of intelligence. The theory of multiple intelligences provides a more holistic view of the intelligence of humans. Gardner advocates that we may all attempt to develop each of these intelligences to our optimum level. However, we may be more adept in only certain of these intelligences. We may however, aspire through practice and development to improve in the remaining intelligences. The use of technology appeals to this view of intelligence in that Gardners theory acknowledges that cognition is not a linear process. The computer as a learning tool has enormous potential in developing the different forms of intelligences of Gardners theory. Hyperlinks to Multiple Intelligences Web Pages: http://www. athena. ivv. nasa. gov/curric/weather/adptcty/multint. html [pic] Learning Theories and the Brain What is Learning? Learning is the process by which we receive and process sensory data, encode such data as memories within the neural structures of our brain, and retrieve those memories for subsequent use. The variety of information stored within such memories is enormous, including such items as: how to control your sphincter muscle until a socially appropriate occasion, how to identify mommy in a crowd, how to ride a bicycle, what is the shortest path to grandmother’s house without going near the lair of the wolf, what is the tune for Beethoven’s Ode to Joy, and what a philosopher means when she says The cat is on the mat. All learning takes place within the brain, and as our understanding of the underlying structures and processes of the brain increases we can begin to apply that knowledge to improve our construction of learning environments. Our ability to describe and understand the basic processes by which our brain learns has bee n enhanced by recent technological developments and by the accumulation of long-term studies in human and animal populations. Of particular benefit has been the development of brain-imaging techniques that allow us to observe the operation of normal human brains during the performance of a variety of tasks. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and similar technologies have allowed researchers to map neural activity during sensory data processing and monitor the transfer of information into long-term memory. Researchers have also made great strides in determining the basic mechanisms that underlie the transmission of information within the brain. Such research on brain structure, neural transmitters, and the process by which memories are stored and retrieved have allowed the development of neuro-physiological models of learning. Although neuroscience has provided us with an increasingly rich and accurate descriptive theory of learning within the brain, we still need prescriptive theories of how to maximize the efficiency and capacity of human learning. To some extent all learning theories are prescriptive and seek to minimize the time required to transfer information into memory and maximize the efficiency of retrieving that information. Our current knowledge of the brain, and our speculations regarding the evolutionary function of learning, should assist such prescriptive theories in designing learning environments that provide for maximum learning efficiency. In particular, prescriptive theories informed by our current knowledge of neuroscience should allow us to evaluate the role of multimedia in learning environments. We should also be able to maximize the impact of multimedia in such environments through application of learning theories and our knowledge of the human brain. Learning environments should not be construed simply as the traditional formal classroom within the context of institutionalized public education. Such environments occur within the workplace, the home, and other social institutions as communication and information technology continues to penetrate Western society. We should also be aware that the use of multimedia will have an impact upon the development of the human brain, particularly when such techniques are used with children and adolescents whose brains are still developing and maturing. [pic] The Brain The three-pound universe that is our brain consists of more than 100 billion neurons and the associated structures that organize, nourish, and protect their functioning. Each neuron may have between 5,000 and 50,000 connections to other neurons, forming a dense connective mat that allows the storage of enormous amounts of information. It is important to remember that structures within the brain continue to develop until late adolescence and that neurons will continue to grow connections to other neurons throughout adult life. [pic] Brain Structures The diagram above shows four basic structures in the brain that are important for bodily functions and for learning and memory. The brain stem is primarily concerned with basic survival functions and the regulation of body systems. The cerebellum is involved in the performance of automatic movement patterns (walking, running, touch-typing, and other physical skills that can become part of automatic procedural memory). The limbic system is responsible for the processing of short-term memory into long-term memory as well as the generation and regulation of emotions. The cerebral cortex is the area of the brain in which sensory data is received and analyzed, decisions are made, and behavioral responses are activated. Information is received from the major sensory organs of the body: eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin; and is held briefly in sensory memory. The further processing of that information appears to be dependent upon the state of emotional arousal of the brain and the utility of such information for potential survival. Long-term memories are generated through the growth and spread of neural connections between those modular structures that contain the memory (Sylwester, 1995, pp. 89-90). The more often such structures are activated and the stronger the connections become to associated structures, the more easily such memories are retrieved and used by the brain in decision making and conscious thought. To some extent the driving forces behind the way our brain processes sensory input and makes decisions are the survival imperatives that accompanied human physical and cultural evolution. Our brains reflect the importance that survival places upon evaluating potential threat situations, making a quick response, and focusing all body resources on support of those functions that may lead to continued survival. In high-threat situations the focus of the brain will be almost exclusively upon what is identified as the potential threat while the body shuts down relatively unimportant systems to concentrate on those involved in the fight-or-flight response. Low-threat situations allow the brain to sample and evaluate a broader spectrum of sensory input and to analyze such input for future use. Thus a large looming shadow in the cave mouth tends to generate fear, prompting the body to shut down digestion, pump more adrenaline, and prepare the cerebellum to handle the process of running while the cerebral cortex looks for places to hide or make a stand. Strong negative emotion tends to evoke the fight-or-flight physiological and mental responses that shut down high-level cognition. A premium should therefor be placed upon the reduction of those factors within a learning environment that give rise to negative emotions. At the same time, sensory input that does not receive attention is not available for processing through short-term into long-term memory. Clearly a balance must be struck between too much and too little stimulation in learning situations. Some stimulation and motivation is necessary for the learner to pay attention to the data that they are required to learn; on the other hand too much stimulation (particularly in a negative context) is liable to create anger or fear as an emotional response, either of which can serve to reduce the amount of learning carried out within the environment. It appears that the limbic system plays an important part in the process of storing information as long-term memories. Those activities that provide an emotionally supportive environment may well have a positive effect upon the processing of information into long-term storage and subsequent retrieval of those memories. Group activities, co-operative learning, role-playing, and simulations tend to provide emotional support and emotional context for learning. Retrieval of long-term memories is enhanced when a large number of connections have been established between the neural modules that store such memories. To some extent our growing knowledge about the organization of the brain tends to support those theories of learning that can generally be labeled as constructivist. That is, situated knowledge that is connected to a large number of other memories is more apt to be recalled than is unconnected knowledge that has been learned by rote. Because the process of creating connections between ideas and memories is essentially carried out through a process of rehearsal and review, learners should be encouraged to review knowledge that is being learned and attempt to build connections to that knowledge that is already easily retrieved from long-term memory. Such cognitive tools as narration, story-telling, constructing metaphors, and making comparisons are strategies that help to build and maintain connections. The construction of knowledge is essentially the growing of connections between the neural modules that contain individual memories. [pic] Implications for Learning Theory If the apparent symmetry between contemporary brain-based learning theories and constructivism is accurate, then basic guiding principles of constructivism should be used in designing learning environments. These principles include: 1. Learning is a search for meaning. Therefore, learning must start with the issues around which students are actively trying to construct meaning. 2. Meaning requires understanding wholes as well as parts. Parts must be understood in the context of wholes. Therefore the learning process focuses on primary concepts, not isolated facts. 3. In order to teach well, we must understand the mental models that students use to understand the world, and the assumptions that support those models. 4. The purpose of learning is to construct ones own meaning, not to have the right answers by repeating someone elses meaning. Learning is inherently inter-disciplinary, and the only valuable assessment of learning is assessment that is part of the learning process and that provides students with information on the quality of their learning. (On Purpose Associates, 1998b) Such learning environments should also be designed around the ideas that come forward from brain-based learning. That is, they should employ the three instructional techniques associated with brain-based learning: orchestrated immersion, where learning environments are created that fully immerse students in a learning experience; relaxed alertness, where an effort is made to eliminate fear while maintaining a highly challenging environment; and active processing, where the learner consolidates and internalizes information by actively processing it (On Purpose Associates, 1998a). Learning environments constructed with these principles in mind will tend to be organized around thematic units featuring knowledge in depth and the exploration of projects that have real meaning for the participating learners. [pic] Implications for Multimedia How should we then use multimedia presentations of information to effectively learn in the context of current brain-based learning theory? The communications and information technology that constitutes contemporary multimedia platforms has some significant advantages in creating a learning environment, but there are some pitfalls that must be accounted for as part of the learning process. Multimedia, at its best, allows us to bring the real world to the learner through the use of sound and video. Such connection to the real world should serve as a factor in motivating students, and as a factor in providing them with additional connections to other knowledge structures. At the same time, multimedia allows students to experience information through multiple modes of presentation. Such multi-modal learning should help to build connections within the learner’s brain if only because multiple modes of reception will engage different areas of the learner’s brain. Contemporary multimedia platforms allow a greater degree of learner control and more freedom for the learner to undertake self-directed exploration of the material. Such self-directed learning is likely to be more meaningful and more connected to existing knowledge structures within the learner’s brain. Therefore, we should see advantages for learning programs that include multimedia presentations. Learners should also gain from the possibility of self-paced instruction based upon contemporary multimedia learning technology. Whenever possible, immediate feedback should be built into a multimedia program to assist students in forming correct connections prior to reinforcing connections between new and old information incorporated within existing knowledge structures. Designers of multimedia instructional packages should take comfort in the strengths of multimedia, but they should also be aware of potential problems in using multimedia with learners. Although current multimedia technology allows excellent presentation in both video and audio modes, and provides some tactile feedback through the use of keyboards, there is little to offer students who need tactile experience ? multimedia is essentially a bimodal presentation strategy unless additional work is done to prepare material for students. Even the best multimedia programs cannot provide the total stimulation that natural environments provide? we have yet to incorporate smell or taste into such presentations, and tactile sensations are still limited. More importantly, there is a clear danger that multimedia programs may be used to substitute for interaction with other learners. We should not be seduced by technical virtuosity or cutting-edge visual and aural effects, there is still a need for human interaction and emotional support. Above all else, we should beware of the tendency to substitute passive learning for active learning. Multimedia provides significant advantages in presenting information to learners, particularly if sufficient resources have been invested to create presentations that make full use of current technology. Presentation of information, no matter how technically sophisticated, is not enough; learners must interact with content to construct their own meanings and integrate new knowledge into the dense web of neural connections that is mind and memory. [pic]